The Status and Future of Local Foods^[1]

The only certainty about the future is that it will be different from the past or present. In the case of food and farming, I think the future will be very different. That said, the present and future are always rooted in the past. So, to understand the potential future of the local food movement, we must understand how its past evolved into its present status. Why were local, community-based food systems of the past replaced by today’s global, corporate-based food system? Why are American consumers seeking something different from today’s food system for the future? The future of local foods depends on the answers to these questions.

Local foods had been the most dynamic, if not the fastest growing, sector of the American food system since the early 2000s. However, USDA reports had indicated a slowing, or peaking, in direct sales from farmers to local customers after the recession of 2008.^[3] According to USDA, “local food sales totaled an estimated $6.1 billion in 2012”— less than half of earlier industry projections and a decline in sales over the previous five years.^[4] The number of farmers markets increased only 2.5% between 2015 and 2017, ^[5] after increasing about 8% per year—from 1,755 to nearly 8,476—between 1994 and 2015.^[6] However, local food sales had rebounded to $9 billion in sales by 2015. This was an increase of $3 billion or one-third over the 2012 estimate—in spite of slow growth in farmers markets.^[7] Advocates tend to believe the local food movement is simply going through a transition while critics tend to believe local foods are saturating their small niche market and will be just another passing food fad.

A local, community-based food system certainly is not a new idea. It’s simply an idea that is being reassessed in response to growing public concerns about the current global food system. When I was growing up in south Missouri in the 1940s and early 1950s, our family’s food system was essentially local. I would guess close to 90% of our food either came from our farm or was produced and processed within less than 50 miles of our home. There were local canneries, meat packers, and flour mills to supply grocery stores and restaurants with locally grown food products. Over the years, however, the local canneries, meat packers, and flour mills consolidated into the giant agribusiness operations that dominate today’s global food system. Supermarkets and fast-food chains replaced the mom-and-pop grocery stores and restaurants.

Today, I doubt there are many communities in the U.S. who get more than 10% of their foods from local sources. The most optimistic estimates place local foods at less than 3% of total food sales. Estimates of the average distance that food travels from production to consumption within the U.S. range from 1200 to 1700 miles. More than 15% of U.S. foods are imported, with more than 50% of fruits and 20% of vegetables grown in other countries.^[8] Agricultural exports account for more than 20% of total agricultural sales and 30% of U.S. farm income.^[9] The local food system of my childhood has been transformed into the global food system of today. Most of these changes took place during a 40 year period, between the late 1950s and the late 1990s.

Today, I believe we are in the midst of another transformation. I believe the local food movement is in fact the leading edge of a change that ultimately will transform the American food system from industrial/global to sustainable/local. Organic foods were the leading edge of the movement, growing at a rate of 20%-plus per year from the early 1990s until the economic recession of 2008. Growth in organics sales have since stabilized at nearly 10% per year. The organic food market reached $47 billion in sales in 2015 – more than 5% of the total U.S. food market.^[10] Organic fruits and vegetables currently claim 14% of their market and 8% of the market for dairy products is now organic. However, as organic foods moved into mainstream food markets, many consumers turned to local farmers to ensure the integrity of their foods. The modern local food movement emerged in response to growing distrust in organics.

To understand the local food movement, it’s important to understand the birth of the modern organic movement. The organic movement has its roots in the natural food movement of the early 1960s, which was a rejection of the industrialization of American agriculture. Following World War II, the mechanical and chemical technologies developed to support industrial warfare were adapted to support industrial agriculture. The “back to the earth” people responded by creating their own food system. They produced their own food, bought food from each other, and formed the first cooperative food buying clubs and natural food stores. Concerns about the health and environmental risks associated with the synthetic fertilizers and pesticides were important, but were not the only reasons they chose to grow foods organically. They were creating and nurturing a sense of connectedness and commitment to taking care of each other and caring for the earth. The philosophy of organic farming was deeply embedded in their communities. To these food and farming pioneers, organic was as much a way of life as a way to produce food.

Organic farming and food production remained on the fringes of American society until the environmental movement expanded into mainstream society. Scientists then began to confirm the environmental and public health risks associated with a chemically-dependent, industrial agriculture. As organic foods grew in popularity, organics eventually moved into mainstream supermarkets. Except for restrictions on use of synthetic agrochemicals and food additives, organic foods eventually began to seem more and more like conventional industrial foods.

Consumers who were concerned about the ecological and societal consequences of industrial agriculture then began looking to local farmers to ensure the ecological and social integrity of their foods. In addition to the rapid growth in farmers markets, the 2012 USDA Census of Agriculture estimated the number of CSAs at 12,000 and the number of farmers selling direct to consumers by all means were estimated at 50,000.^[11] The next official estimates of CSAs and farmers selling direct to local customers will be the 2017 Census of Agriculture. Many farmers who use organic production practices don’t bother with organic certification. Their customers know and trust them to produce “good food.”

A more recent development in the local food movement has been the multiple-farm networks of local farmers. The networks may be food alliances, cooperative, collaboratives, or food hubs. Grown Locally,^[12] Idaho’s Bounty,^[13] Viroqua Food Coop,^[14] Good Natured Family Farms^[15], and the Oklahoma Food Cooperative^[16] are examples of food networks of which I am personally aware. These alliances range in size from a couple dozen to a couple hundred farmers. The National Good Food Network lists more than 300 “food hubs”^[17] – although I cannot vouch for their success or authenticity.

The local food movement is so decentralized and dispersed that it is impossible to accurately estimate the size or importance of the movement—thus, the differences in estimates of local food sales. USDA estimates of local food sales do not include “intermediated sales” to local restaurants, retail markets, or public institutions. Local food advocates claim USDA data “grossly underestimates” the importance of “food hubs” that provide locally grown foods to local food coops, schools, and public institutions.^[18] Virtually everywhere I go, I discover new local foods initiatives—many of which likely never show up in any database.

The local food movement also is so diverse that it is difficult to distinguish between those who are committed to ecological and social integrity and those who simply see local foods as another opportunity for profits. Food hubs are generally defined as organizations that allow farmers to aggregate their individual production to serve markets that are larger than they can serve individually. Some of these food hubs simply aggregate production from multiple local growers to sell to mainstream retailers who want to feature “locally grown” foods. Others use food hubs as a means of linking local farmers with local customers who share social and ethical values. Admittedly, the future of the local food movement depends on being able to “scale up” to serve increasing numbers of consumers. However, if farmers compromise their ecological and social integrity in the process of scaling up, they will be little different from industrial farmers who are producing foods many of their customers are attempting to avoid.

I believe the local foods movement represents an even greater challenge to the industrial status quo than the natural and organic food movements, even though organic obviously is a more meaningful label or descriptor than local. Industrial foods are local to someone, somewhere. However, most industrial farmers, meaning conventional commodity producers, know they can’t sell all, or even a significant part, of their total production locally. They are simply too large and too specialized. Large commodity producers must sell to industrial processors and distributors, which are also too large to rely on local markets. Large industrial organizations are inherently dependent on, and must compete in, “non-local” markets.

The most frequently mentioned motivations of consumers for buying local foods include freshness, flavor or taste, and nutrition. People have learned that shipped-in foods generally are not as fresh and flavorful, and are probably not as nutritious, as fresh-picked, locally-grown foods at farmers markets, CSAs, and other local markets.^[19] Many people consider local foods to be safer because they are more likely to be produced organically, or at least without pesticides or GMOs. In the case of meat, milk, or eggs, hormones or antibiotics are more common concerns. Most farmers who sell locally understand the concerns of people who buy local foods and attempt to address concerns that are not being addressed by the industrial food system.

In return, people who buy local foods often mention their desire to support local farmers economically and to help build stronger local economies and communities. Estimates based on comparison of local and industrial food production in general indicate that foods grown for local markets contribute about four-times as many dollars to local economies as commodities grown for industrial food production. That said, the popularity of local foods and the incentives to produce local foods cannot be reduced to economics. “Several studies have found that the social desirability of buying local food plays a central role in influencing consumers to participate in the local food economy.”^[20] Many local food advocates care about community.

People tend to trust “their local farmers” to not only produce “good food” but also to be good neighbors, good community members, and good stewards of the land. Some experts may question the importance of social, ecological, and unselfish economic motives for buying local. However, the fact that local foods clearly emerged in response to the perceived industrialization of organics suggests otherwise. Americans are trying to restore trust and confidence in “their food system” by “buying local.” For this reason and others, farmers motivated primarily by profits or economics are unlikely to be successful in local markets. Eventually, their customers will see their foods as little different from industrial foods and will value them accordingly.

Perhaps most importantly, the local food movement not only represents a rejection of industrial foods but also represents an emerging vision of a fundamentally better food system of the future. I can foresee a time when every community will have its own local, community-based food system. Communities will not be “self-sufficient” in food production, but will give priority to buying local foods from local farmers who give priority to local markets. They will give priority to those farmers who maintain personal relationships with their local customers through personally-connected economic transactions. In order to maintain relationships of trust and integrity, face-to-face contacts at farmers markets, on-farm sales, regular farm visits, or local food festivals will punctuate less-personal economic transactions. The primary objective of such community-based food systems would be to provide local assurance of quality and integrity, rooted in shared social and ethical values.

I believe this vision of a new and better food system is emerging from today’s local food networks – alliances, collaboratives, cooperatives, personally-connected food hubs and other innovative relationships. Skeptics may ask: would it actually be possible for a new local, community-based food system to replace our current corporately-controlled industrial food system? When I’m asked this question, my answer consistently has been, yes. I am convinced such a change is possible, although I am not so naïve or idealistic as to think that the transformation will be quick or easy.

Why do I believe it is possible? First, as mentioned previously, I lived through the transition from the local, community-based food system of my youth to the industrial-global food system of today. The major part of that transition occurred within a span of about 40-50 years during the latter 1900s. I believe the new organic/local/sustainable food systems of farming and food production today are further advanced today than the industrial farms and food systems were in the early 1950s. I still remember the steam engine lumbering by my grade school, moving from one thrashing location to another. This was early industrial agriculture. I remember my mother handing her “grocery list” to a person behind a counter at our country grocery store who would select the items on the list from shelves, barrels, and the meat case, weigh and package as needed, put the items in a “paper poke,” and total up our “grocery bill” for the week. There were no supermarkets. I saw my first fast food restaurant when I went away to college – a McDonalds.

Second, there were far fewer good reasons to change the system of farming and food production back in those times than there are today. The main reason to change farming in the 1950s was to reduce the physical labor and drudgery of farm work and to free up farmers for jobs in the factories and offices of a growing industrial economy. Changes in food processing and distribution were designed to remove the drudgery of homemaking – making food preparation quicker and more convenient. Industrial agriculture was also meant to reduce costs of production, eliminating hunger by making “good food” affordable and accessible to everyone.

It was a noble experiment but it didn’t work. We have more people in the U.S. classified as “food insecure” than we had back in the 1960s. More than one-sixth of American children live in food-insecure homes.^[21] In addition the U.S. is plagued with an epidemic of diet related illnesses, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and a variety of cancers. The industrial food system may have removed much of the drudgery of farming and homemaking, but it hasn’t eliminated hunger or malnutrition. I don’t want to belabor the point, but an industrial food system is not sustainable. Sustainability is the ability to meet the needs of the present without diminishing opportunities for the future. Industrial agriculture obviously has failed to meet even the basic food needs of the present—let alone preserve opportunities for the future.

Industrial agriculture is systematically diminishing opportunities for generations of the future, as it pollutes the environment, threatens public health, and depletes and degrades the natural and human resources that must support long-run agricultural productivity. The problems with industrial agriculture are systemic. They are ingrained in specialized, mechanized, large-scale, industrial systems of production. Industrial systems gain their economic efficiency by employing fewer people at less pay, while externalizing environmental and social costs on nature and society. These problems cannot be addressed without fundamentally changing the system.

Third, we need not return to the drudgery of farming or homemaking of the past in order to make enough good food affordable and accessible to everyone. New scale-appropriate mechanical and electronic technologies offer new possibilities for ensuring “food security” without degrading the integrity of nature or society and without diminishing opportunities for those of the future. The basic concepts embodied in microcomputers, including laptops, tablets, and smartphones, are equally applicable to small-scale equipment for growing, tilling, harvesting, processing, and preparing healthful, nutritious foods. All that is needed now is the vision to see the potential and the incentive to create what is needed for a different future.

Scale-appropriate technologies in farming include portable electric fencing, which has revolutionized the possibilities for sustainable small-scale humane, grass-based, and free-range livestock and poultry production. Walk-behind and small pull-behind tilling and harvesting equipment is reducing the drudgery, as well as costs, for small-scale organic, local, and direct marketers of produce and field crops. The markets for such technologies are growing with growth in the local food movement. Sales of “human scale” farming and marketing technologies are approaching the point where it will be economically attractive for more inventors and small-scale equipment manufacturers – using new technologies.^[22]

In my travels, I meet many young people who are choosing “human scale” farming as their way of life. I recently came across a blog piece on the National Young Farmers Coalition website. It began: “You want to be a farmer? ^[23] That’s great news because we need a lot more farmers! But there are some things you should know before diving in:” The author is a young farmer who has been farming with her partner in the Pacific Northwest for more than 10 years. She went on to name five things that anyone who wants to be a farmer should understand: 1. Farming is really, really hard. (Let me stress that one more time….) 2. Farmers are not just farmers (They have to do a lot of other things.) 3. Farming can be dangerous. (You can get hurt farming.) 4. It takes money to make money (particularly to get into farming).

She finished with 5. “It’s the best work you’ll ever do.” She went on to explain: “Do you want to feel completely satisfied and fulfilled by your work? Lay your head down at night knowing you are doing something that helps the planet and your fellow humans? There is nothing more satisfying than providing a basic need: food. I love what I do, and wouldn’t trade it for anything—sore muscles, financial risks, and all.”

It’s also possible to make a good economic living on a “human scale” farm. At a recent conference in Toronto, Ontario I met a young farm couple, Jean-Martin Fortier and his wife, Maude-Hélène Desroches.^[24] They gross more than $100,000 per acre on a 1 ½ acre market garden with an operating margin of about 60%. They have been farming for more than a decade now, and today, Jean-Martin leaves most of the farming to Maude-Helene while he works on an educational farming project to help other young farmers learn how to make a good living pursuing their purpose or calling as farmers.

His new farming project, Ferme des Quatre-Temps, is designed to further demonstrate how “diversified small-scale farms, using regenerative and economically efficient agricultural practices, can produce a higher nutritional quality of food and more profitable farms.”^[25] Jean-Martin writes, “If there is one thing I’ve learned through all my years as a farmer, it’s that if we are going to change agriculture, it’s going to be one farm at a time. All we need is for more people to be willing to go out there and just do it.”

With respect to taking the drudgery out of homemaking, prominent chefs are showing us that the most flavorful, nutritious foods typically require very basic and often-minimal preparation when they come directly from the fields and pastures of local farmers. In addition, affordable kitchen technologies are available to make basic food preparation far easier today than it was for my mother. More than 80% of the total dollars spent for foods in the U.S. does not go to pay for the food itself, but for processing, transportation, packaging, advertising, pre-preparation, and retailing. We can’t eliminate hunger by making food cheap, but we can provide food security by making good, minimally processed, un-packaged, unadvertised, food available locally and helping people learn to select foods for nutrition and health and prepare food for themselves. People will find ways to spend quality time with their families preparing food from scratch once they understand the true costs of “quick, convenient, and cheap,” industrial foods.

Fourth, and perhaps most important, new digital technologies make it possible to develop and sustain meaningful, “personal” connections among farmers and others who share a common commitment to good, wholesome, delicious and nutritious, sustainably-produced foods. Obviously, digital communications can facilitate personal isolation; but email, texting, and tweeting can also help keep close personal friends in even closer personal contact. Digital technologies are already being used to create and sustain local, community-based food networks that give sustainable farmers access to far more local customers than they can stay connected with through farmers markets or CSAs. This process is sometimes called “electronic aggregation.”^[26] Equally important, these digital-based local food networks can help local eaters find and stay in contact with the full range of like-minded farmers who are committed to providing their local customers with sustainably produced foods.

I believe local community-based food networks of the future will include regular home deliveries – making local foods more convenient and accessible. The business of retailing – including food retailing – is changing fundamentally and rapidly. The total value of Amazon stock recently surpassed the total stock value of Walmart, although Walmart is still far larger in total retail sales. Virtually every major retailer, including food retailers, are scrambling to develop web-based markets. Food home-delivery programs – such as Blue Apron^[27] and Hello-Fresh^[28] – may be paving the way for local food systems that at least include a home-delivery option. The recent purchase of Whole Foods by Amazon.com could signal a coming revolution in food distribution and retailing.^[29] Local food networks would seem to have a natural economic advantage in local home delivery of locally grown foods. Supermarkets and restaurants that are committed to supporting their local communities will likely continue to have a significant role in local food networks of the future. However, the challenge will be to sustain a common sense of ecological and social integrity that comes from personal relationships of trust and confidence.

My fifth reason for believing a new and better food system is possible is that the local food movement is a part of a much larger movement that eventually will “change everything.” One of the 10 major trends in U.S. food retailing identified by Hartman Group, a leader in following food market trends, was that “Health, wellness and sustainability are starting to converge at the most progressive food retail and food service outlets. Consumers see the convergence as being all about mindfulness, integrity and authenticity.” ^[30] The good news is that the transformation in the food system is but a part, although an important part, of a transformation in society as a whole that is about mindfulness, integrity, and authenticity. We are beginning to awaken to a wide range of symptoms of our unsustainable economy within our unsustainable society. As we respond to national and global challenges, such as natural resource depletion, climate change, dying oceans, species extinction, social injustice, and economic inequity we will create the environment for fundamental changes in our systems of farming and food production.

Growing public pressures eventually will bring about changes in public policies, including farm and food policies. Virtually every major farm policy and food policy of the past 50 years has promoted and supported the industrialization of American agriculture and globalization of the American food system. Simply removing such policies would represent a major step forward. With supportive public policies, the transition from global to local and industrial to sustainable could move from gradual to explosive. Replacing existing farm and food policies with policies supporting local foods and sustainable agriculture could go a long way toward “changing everything” in American food and farming.

I believe the motivation for farming and food production eventually must go beyond “food security” to “food sovereignty” – which includes treating food security as a “basic human right.” Communities need not wait for changes in federal policies. People in local communities can make a commitment to ensuring that everyone in the community has access to enough “good food” to support healthy, active lifestyles. I have suggested establishing “community food utilities” to provide the legal and physical infrastructure for local farmers to share a commitment with fellow community members to provide local food security – using local government to ensure the collective economic means of doing so.^[31],[32] Personal relationships of trust among community networks could create national and global food networks sustained through shared social values and a common ethical commitment to meeting the needs of present and future – to sustainability.

This brings me to my final reason for believing a new sustainable future for farming and food production is possible. I believe that people are awakening to the need for the kinds of personal relationships and moral commitments that are being developed in local community-based food networks. There is a growing realization that the pursuit of material economic self-interest, including the quest for quick, cheap, convenient foods, has not brought us greater satisfaction or happiness. We are finally awakening to the fact that we are not only material beings but also social and moral beings.

Certainly we need the economic necessities of life – food, clothing, shelter, health care, – things money can buy. But, we are also social beings and need relationships with other people for reasons that have nothing to do with any economic value we may receive in return. We need to care and be cared for, to love and be loved. And, we are moral beings and need a sense of purpose and meaning in life. We need a sense of what we do matters, that it is right and good. Caring for the earth is not a sacrifice; it gives meaning to life – it matters. The creation of a new sustainable/local food system for the future, is not just about a better way to fuel the human body, it is also about feeding the human heart and soul. I believe the spiritual awakening that is driving the local food movement eventually will “change everything.” In this kind of awakening, there is always hope.

End Notes

[1] Prepared for presentation at “Focus on Farming Conference,” Snohomish County, Washington, Nov 1, 2017.

[2] John Ikerd is Professor Emeritus, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO – USA; Author of, Sustainable Capitalism-a Matter of Common Sense, Essentials of Economic Sustainability, A Return to Common Sense, Small Farms are Real Farms, Crisis and Opportunity-Sustainability in American Agriculture, and A Revolution of the Middle-the Pursuit of Happiness, all books available on Amazon.com: Books and Kindle E-books.

Email: JEIkerd@gmail.com; Website: https://ikerdj.mufaculty.umsystem.edu or http://www.johnikerd.com .

[3] Luke Runyon, “Are Farmers Market Sales Peaking? That Might Be Good For Farmers,” February 5, 2015. http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/02/05/384058943/are-farmer-market-sales-peaking-that-might-be-good-for-farmers .

[4] Sara Low and others, Economic Research Service, USDA, “Trends in U.S. Local and Regional Food Systems: A Report to Congress,” January 2015, https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/42805/51173_ap068.pdf?v=42083 .

[5] USDA Agricultural Marketing Services, “National Count of National Farmers Markets Directory Listings, 2017, https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/NationalCountofFMDirectory17.JPG .

[6] USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, “Number of U.S. farmers markets has nearly tripled over last 15 years,” http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/detail.aspx?chartId=53464 .

[7] USDA Census of Agriculture Update, “Direct Farm Sales of Food,” December, 2016. https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Online_Resources/Highlights/Local_Food/LocalFoodsMarketingPractices_Highlights.pdf .

[8] Margaret A. Hamburg, Food Safety Modernization Act: Putting the Focus on Prevention, Food Safety.gov, http://www.foodsafety.gov/news/fsma.html .

[9] American Farm Bureau Federation, “The Voice of Agriculture,” Fast Farm Facts, http://www.fb.org/newsroom/fastfacts/ .

[10] Organic Trade Association, “Organic Market Analysis,” https://www.ota.com/resources/market-analysis .

[11] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Census of Agriculture, 2012, Table 43, Selected Practices, 2012, http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_2_US_State_Level/st99_2_043_043.pdf .

[12] Visit the Grown Locally website at http://www.grownlocally.com .

[13] Visit the Idaho’s Bounty website at http://www.idahosbounty.org/ .

[14] Visit Viroqua Food Coop website at http://viroquafood.coop/ .

[15] Visit Good Natured Family Farms website at http://www.goodnaturedfamilyfarms.com/

[16] Visit the Oklahoma Food Cooperative website at http://www.oklahomafood.coop/ , list of other cooperatives: http://www.oklahomafood.coop/Display.aspx?cn=otherstates .

[17] National Good Food Network, “US Food Hubs, Full List,” http://www.ngfn.org/resources/food-hubs .

[18] Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University, “Food Hubs in Iowa,” https://www.leopold.iastate.edu/marketing/food-hubs .

[19] A summary of studies of motives for buying local foods in provided on page 30 of the report by Sara Low and others, Economic Research Service, USDA, “Trends in U.S. Local and Regional Food Systems: A Report to Congress,” January 2015, https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/42805/51173_ap068.pdf?v=42083

[20] Low and others, ERS, USDA, “Trends in U.S. Local and Regional Food Systems,” 2015, page 30. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/42805/51173_ap068.pdf?v=42083

[21] USDA, ERS, “Food Security in the U.S., Key Statistics,” Updated Tuesday, October 11, 2016, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx#foodsecure .

[22] VersaLand, for example, “develops code, systems, and machinery for sustainable farming systems,” http://www.versaland.com/about/our-equipment/ .[23] Chelsey Simpson, “So You Want To Be A Farmer? First, Know This….” National Young Farmers Coalition, Posted By Chelsey Simpson On Monday, December 14, 2015, http://www.youngfarmers.org/so-you-want-to-be-a-farmer-first-know-this/ .

[24] Jean-Martin Fortier, “We need to replace mass agriculture with agriculture of the masses,” http://www.themarketgardener.com/ .

[25] Ferme des Quatre-Temps, http://www.fermequatretemps.com/

[26] Jon Springer, “Expo East: Salatin challenges food system 'orthodoxy'” Market Perspectives, Tuesday, September 22, 2015. http://haccmarketing.blogspot.com/2015/09/expo-east-salatin-challenges-food.html .

[27] Blue Apron, “Discover a Better Way to Cook,” https://www.blueapron.com/.

[28] Hello Fresh, “More than Just Food,” https://www.hellofresh.com/tasty/ .

[29] Abha. Bhattaral, “FTC Clears Amazon.com Purchase of Whole Foods.” Washington Post. August 23, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/08/23/ftc-clears-amazon-com-purchase-of-whole-foods/?utm_term=.d647f2a0c8fe .

[30] The Hartman Group, “Consumer Trends in Health and Wellness, November 2015. http://www.forbes.com/sites/thehartmangroup/2015/11/19/consumer-trends-in-health-and-wellness/#3b83af5f4be7 .

[31] John Ikerd “How do we ensure good food for all?” Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. August 4, (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2016.064.001 .

[32] John Ikerd, “Enough good food for all: A proposal.” Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 7(1), 3–6 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2016.071.001